Classes During Turbulent Times Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

It is widely observed by markets participants that during periods of high market volatility, correlations between asset prices can differ substantially from those seen in period of low market volatility. For example, correlations between US Equities represented by SP 500 and energy commodities as crude oil, gasoline, natural gas; were substantially lower prior the bull market started in 2003. Such differences in correlations among asset classes could highly affect portfolio returns and reduce the benefits of diversification, the time mostly desired by investors. The change in correlations had been attributed either to structural breaks in the underlying distribution of returns or to contagion across markets that occurs only during periods of market turbulence. This will be examined in order the above mentioned practitioners observations hold, and whether are statistically significant. Motivation The reasons for this research are mainly based on the empirical observations of market participants. With this as a starting point I would like to examine whether these observations stand and whether are statistically significant. Moreover, another reason for this research is that I am interested in asset management and I would like to deepen my knowledge regarding issues that are being faced by professional asset managers; and the implications in their investment decision making procedure. Furthermore, during the recent financial crisis, starting on January 2008 there was noticed by investors that the so called decoupling between European and Asian emerging stock markets is not that robust as they were thinking. The rational that the growth rate of European, Asian and South American emerging markets have broadened and deepened to the point that they no longer depend on the United States economy for growth, leaving them insulated from a severe slowdown there. Faith in the concept h as generated strong outperformance for stocks outside the United States. However, in January 2008, as fears of recession mounted in the United States, stocks declined heavily. Contrary to what the supporters of the decoupling theory would have expected, the losses were greater outside the United States, with the worst experienced in emerging markets. Literature Review Loretan and English (2000), extend previous empirical studies, allowing for robustly estimated, time-varying coe ¬Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢cients. However, there are no existing studies of aggregated credit spreads, stocks and stock market volatility in which the conditional covariance structure is considered. Therefore their  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ndings o ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬er some of the  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rst insights regarding the variance and correlation structure of this data set. They found evidence of strongly varying conditional variances and correlations, with dependencies increasing after the outbreak of the  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ nancial crisis. This knowledge opens the door to better decision tools in various areas, such as asset pricing, portfolio selection, and risk management. Their conclusion is in line with the empirical suggestions and my expected results. Another study of Chong and Miffre (2008); this studied the correlations among 25 different commodities and 7 global sto ck indices and 6 bond indices, found that the correlations between SP500 and 19 of the 25 examined commodities decreased during periods of increased volatility. This is a very interesting finding as it suggests that assets managers and investors can really benefit from diversification and its benefits as during turbulent times commodities and stock indices tend to correlate less. This does not apply to all the commodities examined. For example for crude oil, live cattle, unleaded gas and coffee the correlation with SP amplified in periods of turmoil. Also even for the rest commodities that the correlations decrease, this does not apply to the same degree. More specifically for the precious metals as gold, silver and platinum the correlations with SP500 drop much more than the rest commodities in turbulent times. Description of Methodology and Data The data will be collected from WRDS Database and will comprise SP500 Index, Russell 2000, Eurostoxx 50, selected US Treasury Notes and Bonds, commodity indexes like CRB Commodity Index, as well as specific commodity future contracts. Moreover I plan to include emerging markets indices which are indicative of high growth emerging markets like the CSI 300 index for Chinese companies, the Bovespa index for Brazilian companies and the NIFTY index representing the biggest Indian companies. Finally I would also include in my study certain currency pairs, as the EUR/USD, the CAD/USD and the USD/JPY. The reason for this decision, to include specific currency pairs and consider them as an asset class; is that the past years more and more institutional investors and many sovereign funds invested in currencies other than their country of origin in order to benefit from fluctuations in exchange rates or for diversification. Second reason for the selection of currency pairs as a separate asset class is the very high volatility experienced the past decade even between major currencies like EUR, USD, GBP, CHF, and JPY. The frequency of the data will be weekly for the time period starting on January 1994 till May 2011. In order to avoid the weekend effect, thin trading effect and maturity of future contract effect, Wednesdays settlement prices will be considered as the closing weekly prices. Expected Empirical Results After the conclusion of the study, I expect to obtain quantitative results about in what extent change the correlations of different asset classes, which have mentioned above, with each other and whether these respective changes are statistically significant from low to high volatile periods. Also I expect to examine whether certain asset managers practices of the market really hold, through statistical significance tests. These are widely practices of asset market participants. One usually stated, is that when stocks decline then US Government Bonds and gold prices increase, as investors look for a safe heaven. In addition I expect to clarify whether these market tendencies intensify, decline or remain stable from crisis to crisis as the time passes. I expect to find that commodities prices are not that strongly correlated with major market indices and tend to retain their independence even in crisis periods. But this holds in different degree and not for all the commodities. Furt hermore, I expect correlations between commodities and stock indices to change significant because of asset management trends. I expect to find less correlation during previous crises compared to the recent financial crisis where many commodities were perceived as a separate immunized from market fluctuations, asset class, resulting a bubble in certain commodities as well. Finally I expect that certain currency pairs are more correlated with the stock indices. For instance USD is considered to be a safe heaven and during periods of market turmoil it is less correlated with the stock markets or even negatively correlated as the stock markets decline its values compared to other currencies increases as investors desire to hold more cash on hand and especially US dollars. In addition to that I expect the CAD / USD to be more correlated with the stock markets the period from 2003 till 2008 where the advance in stock markets was partly driven from good performing mining companies, which were performing well partly because of high commodities prices.

Scientific Management and its Application at Microsoft - Free Essay Example

Introduction The concept of scientific management, developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, revolutionised many workplaces, increasing efficiency and control for employers while concurrently lowering costs (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013; Taylor, 2012). Taylors book The Principles of Scientific Management, has been identified as the most influential management book of the twentieth century (Bedeian and Wren, 2001). However, despite the benefits for employers, and popularity of the idea, implementation was often associated with poor outcomes for employees, including lowering job satisfaction, increased attrition, and low levels of motivation (Parker, 2014; Pettinger, 2010). However, despite the perceived negative effects, scientific management remains popular (The Economist, 2015; Parker, 2014; Vidal, 2013). This paper examines and evaluates the concept, and then applies it to a modern organisation; Microsoft. The Concept of Scientific Management The development of scientific management was based on previous ideas regarding workplace efficiency which emerged during the Industrial Revolution (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). Prior to the Industrial Revolution, labour division was based on skills and knowledge, with craftsmen having a significant level of discretion regarding how a task was performed or job completed (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). The Industrial Revolution changed workplace practices, with the division of labour, where individual employees are given responsibility for a predetermined portion of any task (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). The economist Adam Smith credited this division of labour as creating the UKs wealth, developing the concept of economic man, believing workers primary motivation was money (Smith, 1904). Charles Babbage referred to this as The Great Principle of Economical Reproduction (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Smith, 1904). However, while this division of labour created efficiencies, Taylo r believed further efficiencies remained, and while workers still retaining performance discretion they could use it to their advantage (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013; Taylor, 2012). Taylors approach improved efficiency was based on the standardisation of job design, breaking jobs down into component tasks, with performance requirements based on scientific studies identifying the most efficient workplace practices (Taylor, 2012). This approach increases the level of management control, reducing reliance on worker skills and discretion. By breaking jobs down into their smallest components, employers could hire and train cheaper, unskilled workers, replacing them as necessary (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Pettinger, 2010). Child (1972), referred to this process of job design as the 3 Ss, specialisation, standardisation, and simplification. The focus of job design was based on the task assessment, examining the best way any individual task could be performed (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013; Taylor, 2012). This was seen at the Bethlehem Steel Works, where a study of the workers shovelling pig iron resulted in a job redesign reducing the number of workers required from 500, to 140, without productivity loss (Taylor, 2012). The workers that remained benefited from higher wages based on performance-related pay; wage increases of approximately 60% followed the implementation (Taylor, 2012). However, this did not mean his methods were welcomed by workers, in addition to creating redundancies, there was resistance to the change, also evidenced earlier at Midvale Steelworks (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013). When Taylor first introduced scientific management approaches at Midvale, initially workers purposefully broke machines to resist work standardisation (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013). Taylor overcame resistance by fining workers for broken machines, using an application Smiths economic man, which appeared to work, as resistance decreased as workers complied to avoid the fine s (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013). Effectively, Taylor was treating workers as components of a production process, dehumanising them, considering only their labour input and labour output. The resistance seen at Midvale steelworks was not isolated. A significant factor in the uptake of scientific management was the implementation at Ford, resulting in productivity increasing exponentially (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Taylor, 2012). However, worker dissatisfaction also increased and attrition levels reached 400% (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). Again, using the concept of economic man, Taylor overcame this problem by introducing a $5 day, paying workers $5 for each day worked (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011).The $5 day was successful, and workers remained, adopt an instrumental approach (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). It may be hypothesised, that if the implementation at Ford had been less successful, the idea may not have gained such wide scale support. The concept of scientific m anagement has continued in the modern workplace, not only in traditional manufacturing sectors, but many new sectors, e.g. call centres and fast food outlets (The Economist, 2015; Buchanan Huczynski, 2011). If implemented, in line with the above findings and previous experience, it may be expected workers in these jobs would be dissatisfied, due to the dehumanisation processes demonstrated as present in scientific management techniques, such as Midvale and Ford. However, frequently dissatisfaction does not manifest. In research undertaken at the Vauxhall car manufacturing facility in Luton, Goldthorpe et al., (1980) found work conditions, based on scientific methods, were poor, with little opportunity for discretion, and a high level of disempowerment. However, with higher than average pay, the researchers found that workers remained motivated, adopting an instrumental approach, gaining satisfaction from utility provided by wages (Goldthorpe et al., 1980). It may also be argued, that although implemented in a fashion which appears dictatorial and dehumanised, that Taylor may not have intended this approach. When describing the concept of scientific management, Taylor argued that although governed by rules developed through experimental processes, there should not be an old-fashioned dictator (Taylor, 2012). Furthermore, he also believed workers and management should operate in hearty cooperation (Taylor, 2012). When examining modern implementations, additional knowledge and subsequent motivation research, facilitate implementation processes more aligned with Taylors idealistic cooperative concept, rather than rigid implementations. For example, under the human relations school of thought based on research of theorists such as Mayo, Maslow, and Herzberg, it was found social influences and desires impacted on motivation (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Herzberg, 1968; Maslow, 2014). Strategies satisfying these needs/desires, include work variety to induce i nterest, empowerment demonstrating trust, and other enrichment strategies (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). If social satisfaction strategies can be used to improve working conditions and worker motivation where scientific methods are utilised (The Economist, 2015). With a high level of potential value in terms of creating internal efficiency, as well as providing for consistent practices and standards, it is unsurprising that the practice still continues. However, in organisations that need to both operate on a massive scale, as well as support practices associated with innovation and change, not generally associated with scientific management, the question is whether or not this management concept is still relevant. Scientific Management and Microsoft Microsoft, founded in 1975, is a U.S.-based multinational technology organisation based in Washington. The basic operations include the development, manufacturing, licensing, and support of computer software, electronics, and the provision of computer services (Microsoft, 2015). The company, which is the worlds largest software organisation, offers a range of products and services to both the consumer and businesses, with the most well-known products and services including the Windows operating system and associated software, such as the Microsoft Office Suite, with additional interests technology and Internet-related businesses, including the acquisitions of Skype and Nokia, a presence in the game industry with the development of the Xbox (Microsoft, 2015). An initial consideration of the scope and range of products, and the pace at which they change, indicates the need for adaptability and innovation (Dodgson et al., 2008). Innovation may not inherently be associated with scienti fic management, the process requires those involved to undertake original thought, and non-standardised approaches towards identifying developing new ideas (Dodgson et al., 2008; Kontoghiorghes et al., 2005; Ziesak, 2009). In this context, applying the scientific management processes, as defined by Child (1980), would be a constraint on the potential development of new ideas, which would potentially hinder Microsoft as many of their competitive strategies are based on differentiation through first mover advantage (Nicholson, 2014). Therefore, in some areas it would appear that it is unlikely scientific management is taking place, especially in areas where there is a need for original thought innovation. However, it may be noted that in areas such as research and development, where innovation is important, there is the concept of specialisation, as the development teams conceive and undertake initial development only, with later development and manufacture undertaken elsewhere (Micro soft, 2015). However, while there is a need for the organisation to adapt to change, the organisation is also required to provide a high level of standardised products and services, where workers operate in the same manner, to provide the same output, a process which is highly associated with scientific management. Therefore, in some areas of the organisation scientific management will be applicable. For example, the company operates a number of call centres, and while a number are outsourced, there are also some provided in-house in the United States (Thibodeau, 2010). The processes utilised within call centres are invariably based on scientific management, where the components of dealing with customer issues are broken down into component parts, with various employees focusing on different issues, and providing advice only on specific areas, based primarily on scripts rather than their own knowledge, with comprehensive scripts developed by the company (Thibodeau, 2010). Unsurpr isingly, the approach adopted, with the provision of scripts to guide the customer support process, is based on the companys own customer care framework, a software solution designed for medium to large enterprises, facilitating dynamic scripting based on customer responses (Microsoft, 2015). Therefore, within these type of operations it is clear that scientific management processes may be used, although, based on the reviews of Microsoft as an employer on the job review site Glass Door, it also appears that the organisation adopts the concept with in a modern interpretation, with different elements of empowerment and support motivation, as job satisfaction does not appear to be low (Glass Door, 2015). The conditions in the outsourced sector also display the characteristics associated with scientific management, but with the lower labour costs, higher cost savings, and higher levels of attrition with in outsourced suppliers (Thibodeau, 2010), the implementation of scientific managem ent techniques are more likely to be based on the traditional rigid approach, rather than implementing the empowerment strategies, and embracing the concept of hearty cooperation. Similar arguments may be made for the presence of scientific management in many of the manufacturing processes, although notably these are outsourced to third-party offshore suppliers (Microsoft, 2014). Conclusion There is little doubt that scientific management is thrives in 21st-century, adopted by many organisations. The method of management may not be found across all areas of large organisations, it does appear to be a concept which is applicable Microsoft, particularly in the areas where there needs to be standardisation of products and/or services, such as the call centres. However, internally within the organisation, not at the outsourced suppliers, it is not the original rigid approach towards scientific management is implemented, but a softened with the provision of enrichment strategies. This is a version of scientific management in which employees are not seen as only motivated by economic interest, but also by social interest, effectively embracing the ideas of Mayo, Herzberg, and Maslow, as well as the ideas of Taylor. Therefore, scientific management may be seen as applicable at Microsoft, manifesting in different ways across different divisions. References Bedeian, A.G. and Wren, D.A. (2001), Most influential management books of the 20th Century, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 221-225. Buchanan, D. and Huczynski, A. (2011), Organisational Behaviour, FT/Prentice Hall, Harlow. Child, J. (1972), Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice, Sociology, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-22. Dodgson, M., Gann, D. and Salter, A. (2008), The Management of Technological Innovation: Strategy and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Glass Door, (2015), Microsoft, retrieved 13 October 2015 from https://www.glassdoor.co.uk/Overview/Working-at-Microsoft-EI_IE1651.11,20.htm Goldthorpe, J.H., Llewellyn, C. and Payne, C. (1980), Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain, Clarendon Press, London. Grachev, M. and Rakitsky, B. (2013), Historic horizons of Frederick Taylors scientific management, Journal of Management History, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 512-527. Herzberg, F. (1968), One more time: how do you motivate employees?, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 46 No. 1, pp. 53-62. Kontoghiorghes, C., Awbrey, S.M. and Feurig, P.L. (2005), Examining the Relationship Between Learning Organization Characteristics and Change Adaptation, Innovation, and Organizational Performance, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 185-211. Maslow, A. (2014), Toward A Psychology of Being, Sublime Books, London. Microsoft, (2015), retrieved 13 October 2015 from www.Microsoft.com Microsoft, (2014), annual report, retrieved 13 October 2015 from https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar14/index.html Nicholson, M. (2014), When Computing Got Personal: A history of the desktop computer, Matt Publishing, Chelmsford. Parker, S.K. (2014), Beyond motivation: job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 65 No. August, pp. 661-691. Pettinger, R. (2010), Organizational Behaviour, Routledge, Abingdo n. Smith, A. (1904), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Library of Economics and Liberty, available at: https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html Taylor, F.W. (2012), The Principles of Scientific Management, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY. The Economist, (2015), Digital Taylorism, The Economist, retrieved 13 October 2015 from https://www.economist.com/news/business/21664190-modern-version-scientific-management-threatens-dehumanise-workplace-digital Thibodeau, P, (2010), Microsoft Signed Outsourcing Packed with Indian Giant Infosys, Computerworld, retrieved 30 October 2015 from https://www.computerworld.com/article/2517205/it-outsourcing/microsoft-signs-outsourcing-pact-with-indian-giant-infosys.html Vidal, M. (2013), Low-autonomy work and bad jobs in postfordist capitalism, Human Relations, Vol. 66 No. 4, pp. 587-612. Ziesak, J. (2009), Wii Innovate How Nintendo Created a New Market Through the Strategic Innovation Wii, GRIN Ver lag, Munich.

Chemistry of BHA and BHT Food Preservatives

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the related compound butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are phenolic compounds that are often added to foods to preserve fats  and oils and keep them from becoming rancid. They are added to food, cosmetics, and packing of products that contain fats to maintain nutrient levels, color, flavor, and odor. BHT is also sold as a dietary supplement for use as an antioxidant. The chemicals are found in an extensive list of products, yet there is concern about their safety. Take a look at the chemical properties of these molecules, how they work, and why their use is controversial. BHA Characteristics BHA is a mixture of the isomers 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. Also known as BOA, tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol, tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, antioxyne B, and under various trade namesMolecular formula C11H16O2White or yellowish waxy solidFaint characteristic aromatic odor BHT Characteristics Also known as 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene; methyl-di-tert-butyl phenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-para-cresolMolecular formula C15H24OWhite powder How Do They Preserve Food? BHA and BHT are antioxidants. Oxygen reacts preferentially with BHA or BHT rather than oxidizing fats or oils, thereby protecting them from spoilage. In addition to being oxidizable, BHA and BHT are fat-soluble. Both molecules are incompatible with ferric salts. In addition to preserving foods, BHA and BHT are also used to preserve fats and oils in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. What Foods Contain BHA and BHT? BHA is generally used to keep fats from becoming rancid. It is also used as a yeast de-foaming agent. BHA is found in butter, meats, cereals, chewing gum, baked goods, snack foods, dehydrated potatoes, and beer. It is also found in animal feed, food packaging, cosmetics, rubber products, and petroleum products. BHT also prevents oxidative rancidity of fats. It is used to preserve food odor, color, and flavor. Many packaging materials incorporate BHT. It is also added directly to shortening, cereals, and other foods containing fats and oils. Are BHA and BHT Safe? Both BHA and BHT have undergone the additive application and review process required by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, the same chemical properties which make BHA and BHT excellent preservatives may also be implicated in health effects. The research leads to conflicting conclusions. The oxidative characteristics and/or metabolites of BHA and BHT may contribute to carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity; however, the same reactions may combat oxidative stress and help detoxify carcinogens. Some studies indicate low doses of BHA are toxic to cells, while higher doses may be protective, while other studies yield exactly the opposite results. There is evidence that certain persons may have difficulty metabolizing BHA and BHT, resulting in health and behavior changes. Yet, BHA and BHT may have antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Research is underway concerning the use of BHT in the treatment of herpes simplex and AIDS. References and Additional Reading This is a fairly long list of online references. While the chemistry and effectiveness of BHA, BHT, and other additives within food is straightforward, the controversy surrounding health effects is hot, so several points of view are available. Adverse Effects of Some Inactive Ingredients - Summary of health effects reported for dyes and preservatives, including food colors, BHA, BHT, sodium benzoate, nitrates, nitrites, and monosodium glutamate.Chemical Cuisine: CSPIs Guide to Food Additives - This site includes a glossary, explanation of cancer testing, alphabetical listing of additives, and a list of additives that have been banned.Common Food Additives - CNN In-Depth provides this chart listing additives and their chemistry, uses, common products containing the additives, and reported side effects.Fresh Look at Food Preservatives - Judith E. Foulke provides an overview of the preservative use and regulation, she specifically discusses BHA, BHT, and sulfites.Chemical Sensitivity Homepage - This site discusses the inability of damaged nervous tissue to metabolize specific toxins.The Feingold Association of the United States - The Feingold Association provides extensive information about the effects of petroleum-derived ad ditives and salicylates (both natural and synthetic) on the behavior/health of susceptible persons.

The Effects Of Stress On The Workplace Stress - 1387 Words

Workplace stress comes in endless types of reactions and is different from employee to employee. According to Hitt, Miller, Colella in Organizational Behavior, stress is a feeling of tension that occurs when a person perceives that a situation is about to exceed her ability to cope and consequently could endanger their well-being. Job stress is the feeling that one’s capabilities, resources, or needs to not match the demands or requirements of the job. In today’s world everybody deals with some sort of stress in their lives and deals with it in different ways. It is important to recognize the type of stress you are dealing with and know what you have to do to reduce or eliminate to be productive. Stress can be defined in different ways acute stress, episodic acute stress or chronic stress. Acute stress is the most common kind of stress. Acute stress can come from demands and pressures of the recent past or something in the near future. Acute stress can be thrilling and exciting in little amounts, but when there is too much of it can be tiresome. Acute stress also known as short-term stress can lead to psychological distress, tension headaches, upset stomach or other symptoms. Acute stress is usually recognized by most individuals. It is a list of things that have gone wrong in their lives; a fender bender, losing important paperwork, rushing to pick up kids, kid problems. Acute stress because it is short term it doesn’t do extensive damage that goes with long term stress.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace1563 Words   |  7 PagesEmotions in the workplace play a crucial role in how organizations communicate within and to the outside world. Emotional states in the workplace have strong influence on the outcomes and dictates behaviors and attitudes within organizations. Positive emotions help employees attain favorable outcomes including job enrichment, achievement and higher quality social context. There is smooth relati onship in the workplace when there are positive emotions. Negative emotions on the other hand change theRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace1398 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Stress is the body’s response to any change that requires an adjustment or response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental and emotional responses. Stress is a normal part of life.†(WebMD UK) Stress is the feeling of being under too much mental or emotional pressure. Pressure turns into stress when one feels unable to cope. For workers everywhere, the economy may feel like an emotional roller coaster. Layoffs and budget cuts are common in the workplace, and the result is increasedRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Stress On The Workplace1472 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Work stress is one of the oldest issues in organizational psychology and is considered one of the most severe occupational injuries in modern society† (Chou, Chu, Yeh, Chen, 2014, p. 115). Overcoming this severe issue of workplace stress is an important topic to discuss. It is defined as the events or circumstances that cause strain to an employee, which can result in physical, mental, and emotional consequences (Dextras-Gauthier, Marchand, Haines, 2012; Nà ¤gel, Sonnentag, Kà ¼hnelRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress At A Workplace1503 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay examines the impact of stress at a workplace. Stress has turned into a swarming highlight of individuals life in cutting edge world. The present day world which is said to be a universe of accomplishments is additionally a universe of stress. Stress is all over, whether it is in the family, business association, venture, organization or some other social or monetary movement. Right from conception till deat h, an individual is perpetually presented to different unpleasant circumstancesRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace2472 Words   |  10 PagesThe word stress is defined as a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances. The world is full of endless opportunities; we are allowed to pursue anything in life through hard work. This is something that is emphasized early in life through school. Generally not everyone is informed of the stresses of certain routes chosen in life through occupations. There is now ways to find out how stressful jobs are. Schools are providing classes requiredRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace2212 Words   |  9 Pagesand demands. Stress isn’t always bad, many times it can help people while they are performing under pressure since it will motivate them to do their best. Scientists use the term stress to refer to any force that impairs the balance of bodily functions. From this definition, the definition of job stress was formed. Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the needs of the worker. When stress begins to becomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace2214 Words   |  9 PagesStress is the body’s reaction to a mental/emotional strain subsequently from favourable or unfavourable conditions. â€Å"Workplace stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the employee.† (Nonprofitrisk.org, 2014). Stress is becoming an emerging issue within businesses and organisations as it causes damages such as sickness absenteeism, poor efficiency and more if not managedRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Stress On The United Kingdom Courts8122 Words   |  33 PagesThis study examined workplace stress in a random sample of litigated cases heard in the United Kingdom courts. The majority of claims related to clinical depression. The alleged causes of workplace stress most commonly cited in litigation included: excessive workload, followed by poor management practices, organisational, economic or technical change, aggressive management style, and bullying by co-workers. The presence of effective workplace stress management policies were important interventionsRead MoreThe Problems, Effects, and Solutions to Workplace Stress for Holland’s Automotive Repair2132 Words   |  9 Pagesexamines the problems, effects, and solutions to workplace stress. In addition, I will explain risk assessment, management, and prevention. Finally, I will review coping strategies for workplace stress. Holland’s Automotive Repair has seventy-seven people of a wide diverse nature. Internal research shows many employees are suffering from workplace stress. External research focuses on several studies, models, and theories of workplace stress effects. Workplace stress causes problems such asRead MoreEssay on Stress In The Workplace532 Words   |  3 Pagesaffects that stress can have on an employees performance and are offering different programs to help employees manage stress in their lives. This approach is proving to increase workplace performance, as well as improve employee loyalty and retention in the long run. What Causes Stress? Causes and Concerns Stress has been defined as a physiologic reaction to uncomfortable or unaccustomed physical or psychological stimuli. The biological variations that can result from stress of the sympathetic

Analysis Of The Poem Blue Lipstick - 797 Words

This crafty collection of poems is an expression of Jessie’s, a fifteen year old girl, words and thoughts about the world and people around her. The poems express her emotions of having a bad hair day, choosing friends, and even her super annoying brother. Her laughable, sarcastic take on high school life is shown through concrete poetry: words, ideas, and design that combine to make pictures and patterns. The illustrations and text really make each poem magical. Young adults enjoy poetry, poems associated to their moods, emotions, provide humor for them and may give a new outlook of a topic. It is a way to reach teenagers through shorter literary work. Poetry is carefully selected for their sonorous and rhythmic effect. It is the concentrated expression of ideas and feelings through imaginative words. The words are place together to form thought that provoke humor and other emotions in the reader. Blue Lipstick is a great example of young adult poetry, the poems are told in first person by Jessie, a teenage girl. Blue Lipstick is a poetry book by a single poet, John Grandits. His interpretation of Jessie’s thoughts keeps the reader enjoying each poem. I also feel the collection is a thematic poetry book because the entire collection is about the everyday life of Jessie. Jessie explaining about her bad hair day starts off the poems. She and Lisa, her best friend, decided to do something â€Å"extreme† to her hair. The result was half bleach that made her look ancient and theShow MoreRelatedInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pageswe have, then, is an independent little world made of words: a world of forms, images, and sounds that are all designed to work together. This does not mean that works of literature have nothing to do with reality. On the contrary, Walt Whitmans poems often address the reader directly; Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn has everything to do with the history of American slavery; and when Emily Dickinson writes, 1 never hear the word escape Without a quicker †¢blood, she is surely expressing her ovm feelingsRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pages It is likely to be the nonprofit social sector. And that is also the sector where management is today most needed and where systematic, principled, theory-based management can yield the greatest results the fastest. The first Conclusion of this analysis of the ASSUMPTIONS that must underlie Management to make productive both its study and its practice is therefore: Management is the specific and distinguishing organ of any and all organizations. II The One Right Organization Concern with management

The Effects Of Changing Conception Of Childhood - 889 Words

The cause of changing conception of childhood could entirely be the contribution of environmental pressures of the current age. One prominent factor of a changing conception could be the steady decline of child mortality. In the times of less technological advancement, child mortality was high. â€Å"The infant who was too fragile as yet to take part in the life of adult simply did not count.†(Aries, 1960, p125) As Aries summarises from Moliere. As stated above, with child mortality so high, the need for detachment presented itself as a decent coping mechanism. It was acknowledged by the community that â€Å"little one(s) did not count† (Aries, 1960, p125). It could be argued that the detachment from children is due to the presumption of eventual death of the child in its early years which, therefore, caused a lack of childhood for many children. Guo Jujing also touches heavily on the topic of child mortality through his folk text, â€Å"Twenty-four filial explemarsâ € . In chapter 13, the story is of a poor family in China whom struggles to find enough food to keep the family going. â€Å"Poor as we are, we cannot properly provide for mother, and yet our son is sharing her food. Why not bury this son before mother starves to death? It is easier to have another son, but one can never have another mother.† Many cultures across the world value sons highly and for the son to request that his child, who is a boy to be buried, illustrates a sacrifice which he feels somewhat indifferent to. FilialShow MoreRelatedThe Three Developmental Processes Are Biological1361 Words   |  6 Pagesare tied to and influence the periods of development, the overlapping of these dynamics are found in each process. Periods of Child Development †¢ The Prenatal Period: This period is in the time frame from conception to birth. - The Biological changes occurring during this period include conception, as well as the individual’s growth of its body and organs. - The Cognitive changes taking place include the ability to learn and remember. - The Socioemotional changes included in this period are the child’sRead MoreThe Occidental And Oriental Historical Backgrounds993 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior and people are different across the world, we should try to look at these dissimilarities to understand our species better. Actually, it seems that we do not have the exactly same cognition, emotional and affective aptitudes. A study on conception of pain and pain control showed us that pain is omnipresent in a human’s life. We can find similarities among and between universals; pain is one of these. Because everyone knows what pain is, and obviously everyone has endured this experience onceRead MoreChild Development and the Impact of Autism1273 Words   |  6 Pagesthe cause or effect I am analyzing in my thesis? Yes, I am analyzing cause and effect between autism and children. 2. Have I explained the cause-and-effect relationship convincingly? Yes, I have provided researched examples of the cause and effect relationship between autism and children. 3. Have I organized my causes and/or effects logically? Yes, I have organized my causes and effects throughout the paper. 4. Have I used sound logic? Yes, I have backed up my cause and effect ideas withRead MoreReflection On Child Development And Education1134 Words   |  5 Pagestake all of these things into consideration, everyone will benefit. Chapter four covers a wide range of information regarding how genetics and environmental exposures affect the growth of a human being. These factors can affect a person from conception. Additionally, it discusses how educators and other adults who interact with a child can guide and help them reach their full genetic potential. All children have a unique set of genes when they are born that they inherit from both their fatherRead MoreIs Abortion Morally Wrong? Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pageswhich has taken our country by storm over the last decade. As more and more unexpected pregnancies are occurring, many women find themselves faced with the financial and social burdens of potentially raising a child. Helpless and faced with a life- changing dilemma, these women turn to abortion as their only choice. With the statistics for unexpected pregnancies on the rise every year, the war between pro-life and pro-choice groups are at an all-time high. The growing controversy surrounding abortionRead More Gender Identity Disorder Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagesappropriate for men and women.[2] â€Å"Gender identityâ€Å": an individuals self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biological sex.[3] With so many different terms, it is hard to keep up with the language and understanding of the complex idea of Gender Identity Disorder. If â€Å"sex† is a biological term, and â€Å"gender† is a sociological term, and â€Å"gender identity† is an individual’s self-conception whether or not ones gender matches up with one’s biological sex, where do weRead MoreClose Reading: Culture Is Ordinary by Raymond Williams Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesClose Reading: Culture is Ordinary by Raymond Williams The article by Raymond Williams is an attempt to describe and analyse the changing dynamics of culture through its constant shifts in meaning. He begins his essay with a brief account of a visit to his childhood home in Wales, in a few words describing his own personal history. From his anecdote, Williams delves into his main argument, that Culture is ordinary, breaking this idea into two parts, â€Å"the known meanings and directions, which itsRead MoreObesity And Pregnancy : Early Education And Prevention1290 Words   |  6 PagesMaternal and Child Enquiries, 75% of mothers who die of thrombo- embolism were obese, 61% died of heart disease. Fetus development is also impacted by obesity during pregnancy with complications including fetal death, congenital abnormalities, and childhood obesity. It has been noted that 12-24% of first trimester pregnancies may end in miscarriage; however analysis have shown that obese women are more likely to miscarriage (Stirrat and Reynolds, 2014). According to Stirrat and Reynolds, â€Å"Obesity hasRead MoreThe Cognitive Response Theory On Birth Control1222 Words   |  5 Pagesjustice. They would often publish explicit and informative descriptions that pushed for the prevention of conception and even include guidelines to properly avoid the overall use of conception. These published descriptions not only brought in a new change for the nineteenth century but also led to the biggest decline of birth rates in the world. It wasn’t until 1914 that such acts of preventing conception became coined as â€Å"birth control.† A militantly feminist journal known as The Woman Rebel coined theRead MoreChild Labour and its Effects on Children and Their Families1720 Words   |  7 Pagescompulsory schooling, plus the effects this had on the lives of children and their families. The last two hundred years from the 1800’s to 2000 are explored to recognize the issues surrounding prolonging childhood in mainly Britain. It was here child labour was initially recognised in factories, mills and mines in the early nineteenth century. This essay will demonstrate the various changes during this period, and the differences between the working class and upper class childhoods and the differences between

Taking into consideration the social and theatrical context of the play Essay Example For Students

Taking into consideration the social and theatrical context of the play Essay Taking into consideration the social and theatrical context of the play, what is interesting about Shakespeares presentation of the Star crossd lovers in Romeo and Juliet One of William Shakespeares most renowned plays is the tragedy, Romeo and Juliet. The plot revolves around the complexities of love, conflict and fate amongst a 16th century society. In this essay I am aiming to explore, analyse and discuss the social and theatrical aspects of the play, alongside the various types of language used to entertain a wider audience. Shakespeare introduced Romeo and Juliet with a prologue. This was an important part of the plays structure as it set the scene and outlined the plot. It was read out in order to help the less educated peasants in the audience to understand what was going to happen. The public enjoyed Shakespeares use of clever puns and linguistic devices adding excitement to the plot and transforming characters so as to give a magical air to the performance. The latter was further reinforced by the fact that superstition was an integral part of 16th century life, both amongst the upper and lower classes. Shakespeare takes advantage of his superstitious audience by including quotes such as I am fortunes fool and Star-crossed lovers to maintain interest. The character Romeo is initially presented as unhappy and a love dazed man, Out of her favour, where I am in love. Romeo is down in love with Rosaline, and he changes dramatically during the play and what really sparks this off is his meeting with Juliet. Now his character has changed he is presented as a lover not a fighter, and this was very different to other mens behaviour as other men as they would act out of anger but Romeo appears to be more affectionate and sensitive than maybe his peers, so this must show how deep his love is for Juliet. Shakespeare realises the large gap between wealth and poverty in his spectators, so he staged the audience apart so the actors could direct certain parts of the play to either the wealthy, well educated or the poorer, uneducated peasants. For example if Romeo was to use a pun or some funny language, My naked weapon is out, this would be directed to the poorer members but sometimes Shakespeare reflected on political and social awareness of th e period, which would obviously be spoken towards the wealthy and well educated as the peasant wouldnt really understand what is being said. It is very interesting how rapidly and significantly Romeos attitude changes towards life through the power of love. You can see through how he presents language that he has changed dramatically, for example when he falls out of love with Rosaline, the way he speaks makes it feel as Romeo could even be thinking of giving up love, but within a matter of days after having been at the capulets party he meets Juliet who boosts his spirits and realises he shouldnt give up passion after all, Ill go along no such site to be shown, but to rejoice in splendour of my own. To portray this change of feelings, Shakespeare uses different types of language such as, metaphoric, romantic and creating macrocosm, it is the East and Juliet is the sun, and example of all these techniques. The effects of this language gives an instant impression that Romeo has never loved anyone as much as Juliet and is very glad that he didnt decide to give up love, also this suggests how highly he holds Juliet she is cl early very important to him. .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc , .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .postImageUrl , .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc , .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc:hover , .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc:visited , .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc:active { border:0!important; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc:active , .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u222cda0491d7022684d3fac6b20b8abc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 'How important is the theme of conflict in the play of Romeo and Juliet?' EssayJuliet is presented in a very different way to Romeo, as at the beginning it is obvious that she will do what her parents say and is very obedient, Ill look to like if looking liking move, this is explaining that if her parents choose a man for her she will try and love him, but as in the same way as Romeo she soon starts to change. It was at the same point in the play that they both started to develop and in Juliets case she gradually becomes less obedient and starts to ignore her parents and even is contemplating who to listen to, her parents or her true love Romeo, my only love sprung out of my only hate. Juliet develops tremendously at one point in the play from being, under control and selfless into someone, pro-active, pragmatic and a lot more passionate, the stage which all this happens is after her encounter with Friar Lawrence. The main change with Juliet is her attitude and approach to her parents, she starts to disobey the Capulets and in result there is a fall out. This behaviour is very odd for a girl in the 16th century society as disrespecting parents wouldnt even be thought of, also throughout the play her behaviour is very odd for example she gets married of her own accord and doesnt ask parent permission. Another obvious point of her behaviour is at the very end when she commits suicide, even though nothing can be done now; this is definitely not how a girl in this era would behave. All of the latter is interesting about Juliet especially that she reacted in exactly the same way as Romeo, where both their attitudes change so fast. In the Globe theatre I would have actors direct the clever language and funny puns towards the peasants as they are more down to earth and generally find it more amusing than the higher class as they would speak publicly about such things and may even be offended. On the other hand if there was a more romantic or poetic line to be spoken, O Romeo, Romeo. Where for art thou Romeo? This would, without a doubt, be directed to the wealthier audience. If Shakespeare was to use a pun, it would have been expressed in an amusing way to try and get the spectators involved, but if there was a more figurative or poetic line it would be told in a formal and passionate way as the higher class would find this more interesting than getting involved.