Prostitution: Sexual Intercourse and Strong Religion Conviction

Prostitution is the business or practice of going for sexual relations in an unbridled manner, it remembers exchange for cash or other significant things. A lady who takes part in sex for cash or a man who sells one’s capacities, ability or name for a commendable reason for existing are remembered for prostitute. Individuals who work for prostitute is a sort of sex laborer and it is one of the area in the sex business. Various nations have distinctive legitimate status in prostitution.It can be admissible and unregulated, it additionally can be implement or unenforced wrongdoing to a managed calling. Pondering varying suppositions abuse and victimhood, sex jobs, sexual orientation uniformity, disparity, morals and profound quality and opportunity of decision. As per the Prostitution law and Prostitution by nation, here is the measurements of authorization around the world. We can see that prostitution in the vast majority of the nations is unlawful. It very well may be viewed as a type of abuse, for example, in Norway and Sweden it is unlawful purchasing the sexual administrations, yet exclude to sell it.So in Norway and Sweden if individuals purchased the sexual administrations it will be carry out a wrongdoing, anyway the whore won't be perpetrate as a wrongdoing. On another hand, in Germany and Netherlands it is a real occupation, prostitution is managed as a calling, everybody selling the sexual administrations on the road won't be carry out as a wrongdoing. In a portion of the nations with solid religion conviction for instance Muslim nations, prostitution is a wrongdoing, the whores who serve sexual administrations will confront serious punishments even capital punishment.

Integrated Marketing Plan Essay Example

Incorporated Marketing Plan Essay Official Summary Background Begun in 1960 by James and Tom Monaghan as a little pizza shop in Ypsilanti. Michigan. Domino’s Pizza has developed to more than 10. 000 corporate and diversified shops in 70 states. Domino’s Pizza is perceived as the second biggest pizza connection in the United States after Pizza Hut. furthermore, the biggest around the world. 8 Domino’s had planetary retail net incomes of over $ 7. 4 billion of every 2012. included over $ 3. 5 billion in the U. S. furthermore, about $ 3. 9 billion universally. In the third one-fourth of 2013. Domino’s had planetary retail net incomes of about $ 1. 8 billion. contained $ 849 million in the U. S. furthermore, $ 935 million globally. 9 Focus on Technology From April 2011 to April 2012. Domino’s arrived at a great $ 2 Billion in US advanced from its applications on stages, for example, Kindle Fire. Android. Windows 8 telephone. what's more, iPhone †which presently spread around 95 % of the U. S. cell phone showcase. Advanced gross incomes. which incorporate Mobile and registering machine telling. presently make up 40 % of all Domino’s net incomes. an expansion from 30 % in 2012. We will compose a custom paper test on Integrated Marketing Plan explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Integrated Marketing Plan explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Integrated Marketing Plan explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer 9 Problem Statement Expanding on the achievement of Domino’s stock rebranding and innovative developments. the company’s end is to execute efficacious plans that will build its per centum of gross incomes passed through the company’s roaming applications and on-line site. Situational Analysis Strengths of the Organization Domino’s Pizza is the second biggest pizza link in the United States and the universe chief in pizza bringing. with more than 10. 000 corporate and diversified shops in more than 70 states ( Corporate ) . Moreover. Domino’s Pizza has been the recipient of Pizza Today magazine’s Chain of the Year grant multiple times back to support in 2010 and 2011 ( Corporate ) . Over the mature ages. Domino’s has propelled numerous industry creations to keep up them at the highest point of the stepping stool. viz. the HeatWave sack. Domino’s Tracker. what's more, the Domino’s Pizza application ( Corporate ) . This organization has kept up incredible name exchange name affirmation and a solid conveyance framework ( Corporate ) . Moreover. Domino’s has kept up its situation as a socially dependable organization by go oning its tenth one-year Thanks A ; Giving Campaign for St. Jude Children’s Res earch Hospital ( Press ) . Failings of the Organization Regardless of its numerous qualities. Domino’s Pizza other than has a few failings. Domino’s has a background marked by past injudiciousnesss with a portion of its representatives. In 2009. two Domino’s representatives harmed the exchange name by drawing a nonsense that indicated them go againsting wellbeing codification sanitation rules ( Clifford. 2009 ) . Moreover in 2010. a North Carolina grown-up female found a racial slur on her Domino’s gathering ( ABC. 2010 ) . Domino’s has since a long time ago fixed its open picture yet now it must be overabundance cautious to keep customer genuineness. Openings in the Environment A possibility for Domino’s pizza is cultural media presentation. This introduction can deliver additionally going to from the imprint showcase as they are the well on the way to be spoken to on cultural media sites. Hazards in the Environment A few hazards for Domino’s Pizza incorporate the way that a portion of their stocks. explicitly their sandwiches and desserts. may non look sound especially to a wellbeing cognizant shopper. Starting at now. financial turns around, for example, pay increases have influenced Domino’s Pizza since some British workers have been kicking about hapless prizes ( Karphal. 2013 ) . Contender. also, current industry pioneer Pizza Hut. offers a significant number of indistinguishable stocks from Domino’s. The organization must locate the most useful strategy to place its stocks over its adversaries. Market Analysis The pizza eating house industry is go oning to lift at a pace of around 1. 6 % ( Barrett. 2012 ) . Pizza Hut. Domino’s Pizza. what's more, Papa John’s rank principal in net incomes and unit considers as a part of all the distinctive ironss ( Barrett 2012 ) . The pizza business is a $ 40 billion industry that makes up around 11 for every centum of all eating houses in the state ( Franchise. 2013 ) . Ninety-three for each centum of Americans eat in any event one pizza for every month in the state ( Franchise. 2013 ) . The propensity with Americans presently is to go toward take out and quick bringing supplement alternatives rather than feasting out ( Franchise. 2013 ) . Moreover. probably the best advantage of the pizza business is its customization for purchaser inclinations and high flexibility ( Franchise 2013 ) . The greatest pizza establishments. Pizza Hut. Domino’s. Dad John’s. also, Small Caesars lead in the US pizza industry ( Franchise. 2013 ) . Be that as it may. Pizza Hut drives the brigade with a bigger per centums of whole gross incomes ( around 14. 68 % of all U. S. pizza net incomes ) contrasted and the rest of Barrett. 2012 ) . Year Ending September 2012 ( refer to pmq ) Buyer Behavior Analysis Domino’s mark crowd is the age gathering of shoppers 18-49 mature ages old. the two guys and females. Blending to the pizza eating house industry. the core pizza buyer is around the ages of 18 to 44 mature ages old. with 75 for every centum to 77 for each centum of this age bunch being a pizza eating house buyer ( Barrett. 2012 ) . Of this age. about half ( 47 % ) of individuals consider a web based telling choice of import with regards to doing conclusions about buying pizza ( Barrett. 2012 ) . Besides. among this percentile are the shoppers matured 25-34 ( 57 % ) and those with at least three children ( 55 % ; Barrett. 2012 ) . Luckily for Domino’s. its articulation on new designing has assisted with constraining the presentation of Domino’s telling applications for iPhone. Android telephones. Windows 8. what's more, the Kindle Fire. which presently spread around 95 for each centum of the US cell phone showcase ( Corporate ) . Opponent Analysis Domino’s three boss opponents are Pizza Hut. Daddy John’s. also, Small Caesars. Truth be told. its greatest rivalry by and by is Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut directly comes out on top with roughly 15 % of the market and its shops represent 11 % of all pizza shops in the US ( Barrett. 2012 ) . In like manner. Pizza Hut’s stock contributions do non vary well from Domino’s. It other than offers its product at extremely competitory fiscal qualities. Father Johns and Little Caesars’ stock contribution vary to some degree from Domino’s as in they do non offer pastas or sandwiches like Domino’s. Little Caesars is the solitary pizza eating house that does non offer the bringing choice. Moreover. indeed, even in cultural media positioning. viz. Facebook. Twitter. YouTube. also, Instagram. Pizza Hut leads in each class. Data from every one of the 4 most well known American pizza exchange names respect to their ubiquity shows the supporters: As showed in the graph above. Pizza Hut drives the regiment with 10. 9 million preferences. Domino’s takes second topographic point with around 8. 8 million preferences. Father John’s is third with around 2. 6 million preferences. while Small Caesars is fourth with 1. 6 million preferences. An article entitled Top American Pizza Brands in cultural media shows more in thing the distinctive pizza exchange names and how buyers see each their few Facebook pages. With respect with the other cultural media sites. Instagram and YouTube. here are the results: As should be obvious here. Pizza Hut again leads in this cultural media class with 3. 213 YouTube endorsers and 19. 753 Instagram followings. Domino’s trails behind Pizza Hut with simply 3. 179 endorsers and 5. 695 followings. Father Johns was non available on these destinations so they do non hold any portrayal in the above graph. Last. with Twitter. here are the outcomes: Pizza Hut flaunts 650. 300 followings ; Domino’s has 428. 049 followings ; Papa John’s has 169. 296 followings ; and Small Caesars has 25. 209 followings. It is of import to break down the discoveries of every one of these pizza company’s cultural media rankings in light of the fact that the imprint age bunch are consistently on these destinations to happen data about each exchange name before they make an assurance. Orchestrating to Andrew Merrill. he expresses that 70 % of all customers examine online before doing buys or taking assistance providers while 30 % of buyers make purchasing judgments dependent on marking runs ( Merrill. 2013 ) . It is of import to ensure that Domino’s has a significant nearness online as it has all around. Target Audience Domino’s mark crowd is guys and females ages 18-49 slanted to some degree female with a point of convergence on female guardians and caputs of family liable for doing the supper assurance for their family unit. Product Analysis Domino’s Pizza was for quite some time perceived for its substandard gustatory sensation and quality. In a 2010 meeting with Gayle King of The Gayle King Show on Oprah Radio. President. Patrick Doyle. recognized the lower status of Domino’s gustatory sensation and quality. Since that cut. Domino’s Pizza has made a partnered endeavor to venture to every part of the exchange name and picture into an all the more well light. Offering a considerable lot of indistinguishable stocks from its opponents †pizza. bread-sticks. lily-livered wings. Domino’s Pizza must proceed to happen new. propelled approaches to put itself separated from adversaries and drive more customers back to the Domino’

Free Essays on Narration

My â€Å"Little† Adventure There are many nerve-destroying things that kids do to their folks when they are exceptionally youthful. This anecdote about my life is valid. At the point when I was around two years of age, I chose to ride my tricycle to Eat ‘n Park. It was an excellent summer day in the Pittsburgh region. One morning, my granddad, father, sister, sibling and I went to breakfast at Eat ‘n Park. I cherished the food and the organization of others that I chose to return once more. The following day, my granddad had returned down to the café. My sibling, sister, neighbor youngsters and I were in the fenced off back yard playing. I discovered my tricycle in the front yard and I climbed the wired fence with my trike. I rode up Bayonne Road to the stop sign. At the point when I arrived at the highest point of the slope, I made a left and went down Beechview Road to Crane Ave. I made a left down the slope on Crane Ave, an occupied and perilous street. At the point when I arrived at the ordnance on the correct hand side, a little youngster halted in light of the fact that she didn't figure I ought to have been there. She even halted another vehicle so nobody would think she was seizing me. She inquired as to whether you realized h ow to return home. I didn't talk around that age. I was an extremely calm little fellow. I said to the youngster, â€Å"I live at mommy’s house†. She brought me home. My mom was quickly searching wherever for you when the woman pulled up with you in the vehicle. At the point when my family discloses to me this story, I used to chuckle, presently I don't. The explanation I don't snicker any longer is on the grounds that this was dangerous and I may have kicked the bucket that day. This is a story that I will recall for quite a while. The day that I took my â€Å"little† experience to Eat ‘n Park.... Free Essays on Narration Free Essays on Narration My â€Å"Little† Adventure There are many nerve-destroying things that youngsters do to their folks when they are exceptionally youthful. This anecdote about my life is valid. At the point when I was around two years of age, I chose to ride my tricycle to Eat ‘n Park. It was a delightful summer day in the Pittsburgh territory. One morning, my granddad, father, sister, sibling and I went to breakfast at Eat ‘n Park. I adored the food and the organization of others that I chose to return once more. The following day, my granddad had returned down to the eatery. My sibling, sister, neighbor youngsters and I were in the fenced off back yard playing. I discovered my tricycle in the front yard and I climbed the wired fence with my trike. I rode up Bayonne Road to the stop sign. At the point when I arrived at the highest point of the slope, I made a left and went down Beechview Road to Crane Ave. I made a left down the slope on Crane Ave, an extremely occupied and perilous street. At the point when I arrived at the ordnance on the correct hand side, a little youngster halted on the grounds that she didn't figure I ought to have been there. She even halted another vehicle so nobody would think she was abducting me. She inquired as to whether you rea lized how to return home. I didn't talk around that age. I was a peaceful little fellow. I said to the youngster, â€Å"I live at mommy’s house†. She brought me home. My mom was hysterically searching wherever for you when the woman pulled up with you in the vehicle. At the point when my family reveals to me this story, I used to giggle, presently I don't. The explanation I don't giggle any longer is on the grounds that this was hazardous and I may have kicked the bucket that day. This is a story that I will recall for quite a while. The day that I took my â€Å"little† experience to Eat ‘n Park....

Historical Dinner Party Completed Essays

Chronicled Dinner Party Completed Essays Chronicled Dinner Party Completed Essay Chronicled Dinner Party Completed Essay said every man to themselves discreetly, l like this word. Mums at that point raised his glass of water noticeable all around and hollered, To my Brose! also, every man followed and they all connected their glasses together giggling healthily. This demonstration most likely started to break their cumbersomeness towards one another as they were all alright with one another at this point. After a couple of more snapshots of thoughtful holding, the time had come to quit fooling around so Rampages II stood up among the men, My men, enough of this, I state we get serious and start our conversation on four of these occasions recorded in this here Events Menu. Every man got the menu and started investigating the occasions from the timeframe of which they were given, the 1 backtalk to the current day, 1914. After some perusing, the men decided on their first vent. They decided to talk about the foundation of the Womens Trade Union League (WTLS) in 1903, which supported for improved wages and working conditions in manufacturing plants and working environments for ladies. Frenzies II talked first. In a stunned tone, he spoke, I am definitely amazed to find that Women are treated in such a manner where they need to battle for their privileges! They should as of now have those privileges of which they are battling for! The ladies of this nation and some other district ought to be equivalent to men and ought to be dealt with simply as are men. They ought to be dealt with no more uniquely in contrast to the men of today are. Back in Egypt, the ladies had pretty much similar rights that the men did. They had the option to deal with, own, or even sell their own private property which additionally included slaves, land, and domesticated animals. I without a doubt unquestionably affirm of this development and I will participate if could. I interest for the ladies of this purported extraordinary nation to have equivalent rights with men. Every man gave the thumbs up of Rampages Siss musings. My companion, said Mums, I for one totally concur with you. As a Muslim accept that ladies ought to in certainty be dealt with better. The working conditions which they face in processing plants is outright off-base. I accept that there ought to be an adjustment in how ladies are treated in this sockeyes day and age. Our ladies ought to be esteemed and remained careful. The working conditions must be improved and they should acquire better wages. I truly wish I could help these ladies by improving the states of the manufacturing plants ten times with all my cash, so they can work in better conditions. Ok yes a kindred Muslim, cheers Shah Johan, Salaam the same, my dear sibling of Islam. Wa-the same salaam, sibling, answers Mums with a grin. l for one completely concur with you my sibling, Mums, proceeds with Shah Johan. You incorporate some significant components. In any case, on the off chance that I may include, these ladies most likely ought not be battling for their privileges at the present time, since they ought to plainly as of now have them. It is such a pity, that ladies are dealt with like this. Gracious how times have plainly changed. Next up to talk was Castro, who appeared to have a dreadful grin all over. H e, you all need know what number of ladies lye gotten with throughout the years? A great deal! Shah Johan nauseated answers, Well have you actually ever adored a lady so much that you assembled an enormous and perfectly organized structure to house her grave in? I think not, so shut up and get back on task. You need battle? answers Castro. No, says Shah Johan with a genuine face. Thought in this way, you punk! says Castro in spite of being loaded up with dread. In any case, concur with Rampages II. Mean ladies have consistently been dealt with like this actually its very astonishment for me, however no doubt ladies truly should be dealt with better in light of the fact that how society is horrendous. In addition to the fact that they have to work in pips-poor conditions, yet toward the day's end, they likewise have families to return to. They have their own youngsters to see and deal with, and their better half as well. What a catastrophe it would be on the off chance that one day a mother heads out to work and leaves her kids at school, yet would then at any point return home due to a lethal physical issue at the processing plant leaving her dead, and leaving her youngsters motherless. Gracious what a merciless nation this is. Additionally completely bolster these ladies for making a special effort and joining the work power notwithstanding it not being quite a bit of a socially adequate act. They truly merit these chances to work so they can show that they are similarly as persevering and Strong as men. l am really sorry to state this, started Sin Shih Hang, however I should differ with all of you colleagues. Ladies obviously ought not be working. For what other reason would there be men? For what reason should the sign assume control over the employments of the men? Do men assume control over the occupations of ladies, and deal with the kids and remain at home throughout the day? No, dont think so. So for what reason should ladies have the option to carry out the responsibilities of men? Ladies are not fit to have indistinguishable employments from men. They should not be working. They should remain at home and deal with the youngsters and cook nourishment for their family O. End of story. Him, that is a fascinating take Sin Shih Hang, answers Continual. l completely regard you for your musings, despite the fact that I despite everything feel that the ladies ought to without a doubt have better rights, and ought not be dealt with the manner in which they are. They certainly need better working conditions and better wages since they also have families to deal with. Ok so that is what everybody thinks yes? said Mums. Well extraordinary! All of you made a brilliant showing clarifying your thoughts, and they were territory Ill very much idea out as well! Be that as it may, presently it is the ideal opportunity for much progressively genuine business What do you all need for supper? Let us investigate our menus alright? With that, everybody started perusing through the delicious menu alternatives which the eatery had for supper. Shah Johan and Mums both being of Islamic confidence requested a remarkable and bewitching corridor supper. Frenzies II requested a customary Egyptian dining experience. Sin Shih Hang too requested a customary banquet. Notwithstanding, both Continual and Castro requested progressively current and delicious meals. Since everybody has chosen what they will have for supper, we will talk about another occasion while sitting tight for our interesting and impeccable meals. Allow us to pick! shouted Mums. After some choosing the six figures settled on examining the new time of transportation which has started on September first, 1897 with the principal underground open transportation in North America, known as the metro, being opened in Boston, Massachusetts 1 . Frenzies II was the first to talk once more. I should state this new accomplishment of transportation is genuinely eminent. I genuinely wish had one of these back in Egypt. Depend would have been the most remarkable individual alive around then. With this quicker and increasingly productive method of transportation, it will without a doubt be simpler to head out to outside areas and vanquish them a lot snappier. This metro will likewise help travel to new grounds a lot quicker as well. Indeed, started Sin Shih Hang, not exclusively will it help vanquish lands a lot snappier, however it will likewise help bind together nations a lot speedier by having the option to make a trip to different urban communities and additionally towns substantially more quickly. I genuinely wish these were around in my time so could have broug ht together China a lot snappier than did. With the additional time would have spared from binding together speedier, I could have thought of approaches to better my nation considerably more! Grand! shouts Mums, this is tram looks superb to have. Wish to purchase on promptly with my riches. Im sure it wont cost much as I am, indeed, the universes most extravagant man. This fine method of transportation would have additionally been helpful for when went on my superb journey with gold and assets and individuals so I could have arrived a lot quicker and simpler! Indeed metros will be fundamental to everyones needs, says Shah Johan. l concur particularly with what you all state Rampages II and Sin Shih Hang. The tram would be fundamental in overcoming remote terrains, and in bringing together nations together at a significantly more effective rate. Additionally, it will get probably the most ideal approaches to move merchandise and such no uncertainty! Individuals from everywhere throughout the nation will have the option to have new and better assets with the metros acquiring a wide range of things from various pieces of the nation! They will definitely cut travel time by the greater part also! What new places we would have the option to investigate! Indeed I see where everybody is going with this, states Continual. The metro will particularly improve transportation generally. Individuals would have the option to visit their loved ones everywhere throughout the nation at an a lot quicker rate. Additionally that, yet travel costs will without a doubt be low also so that even ordinary families and individuals can visit their friends and family potentially over the entire nation for only a sensible measure of cash! This development sure was progressive, states Castro as he was the just one among the five different figures who has ever rode on a tram. The trams truly got individuals starting with one point then onto the next such more productively than vehicles and transports could possibly do. The individuals cherished the trams. They rode on them consistently. Individuals would regularly utilize them to go to work, and others utilized them to go to parks and schools and different places too. It without a doubt diminished ordinary travel time via vehicle and transport by a ton. Everybody adored the trams. guaranteed Castro. So it appears that everybody conced es to the production of the tram being a great new creation, how awe inspiring! In any case, know something that is much increasingly magnificent! Our supper is here! Let every one of us chow down on our heavenly meals before proceeding with further with our daintily conversation. So as the recorded figures consumed their delectable meals, they split some more jokes and fortified together much more. Ok that was an incredible banquet we had, said Sin Shih Hang with a stuffed belly. l have at no point ever tasted something as stunning as my supper! Every other person with stuffed stomachs gestured as well as can be expected, and with that Sin Shih Hang let out a tremendous burp, to which everybody snickered at, and to show their gratefulness for his burp, the

Classes During Turbulent Times Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

It is widely observed by markets participants that during periods of high market volatility, correlations between asset prices can differ substantially from those seen in period of low market volatility. For example, correlations between US Equities represented by SP 500 and energy commodities as crude oil, gasoline, natural gas; were substantially lower prior the bull market started in 2003. Such differences in correlations among asset classes could highly affect portfolio returns and reduce the benefits of diversification, the time mostly desired by investors. The change in correlations had been attributed either to structural breaks in the underlying distribution of returns or to contagion across markets that occurs only during periods of market turbulence. This will be examined in order the above mentioned practitioners observations hold, and whether are statistically significant. Motivation The reasons for this research are mainly based on the empirical observations of market participants. With this as a starting point I would like to examine whether these observations stand and whether are statistically significant. Moreover, another reason for this research is that I am interested in asset management and I would like to deepen my knowledge regarding issues that are being faced by professional asset managers; and the implications in their investment decision making procedure. Furthermore, during the recent financial crisis, starting on January 2008 there was noticed by investors that the so called decoupling between European and Asian emerging stock markets is not that robust as they were thinking. The rational that the growth rate of European, Asian and South American emerging markets have broadened and deepened to the point that they no longer depend on the United States economy for growth, leaving them insulated from a severe slowdown there. Faith in the concept h as generated strong outperformance for stocks outside the United States. However, in January 2008, as fears of recession mounted in the United States, stocks declined heavily. Contrary to what the supporters of the decoupling theory would have expected, the losses were greater outside the United States, with the worst experienced in emerging markets. Literature Review Loretan and English (2000), extend previous empirical studies, allowing for robustly estimated, time-varying coe ¬Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢cients. However, there are no existing studies of aggregated credit spreads, stocks and stock market volatility in which the conditional covariance structure is considered. Therefore their  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ndings o ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬er some of the  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rst insights regarding the variance and correlation structure of this data set. They found evidence of strongly varying conditional variances and correlations, with dependencies increasing after the outbreak of the  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ nancial crisis. This knowledge opens the door to better decision tools in various areas, such as asset pricing, portfolio selection, and risk management. Their conclusion is in line with the empirical suggestions and my expected results. Another study of Chong and Miffre (2008); this studied the correlations among 25 different commodities and 7 global sto ck indices and 6 bond indices, found that the correlations between SP500 and 19 of the 25 examined commodities decreased during periods of increased volatility. This is a very interesting finding as it suggests that assets managers and investors can really benefit from diversification and its benefits as during turbulent times commodities and stock indices tend to correlate less. This does not apply to all the commodities examined. For example for crude oil, live cattle, unleaded gas and coffee the correlation with SP amplified in periods of turmoil. Also even for the rest commodities that the correlations decrease, this does not apply to the same degree. More specifically for the precious metals as gold, silver and platinum the correlations with SP500 drop much more than the rest commodities in turbulent times. Description of Methodology and Data The data will be collected from WRDS Database and will comprise SP500 Index, Russell 2000, Eurostoxx 50, selected US Treasury Notes and Bonds, commodity indexes like CRB Commodity Index, as well as specific commodity future contracts. Moreover I plan to include emerging markets indices which are indicative of high growth emerging markets like the CSI 300 index for Chinese companies, the Bovespa index for Brazilian companies and the NIFTY index representing the biggest Indian companies. Finally I would also include in my study certain currency pairs, as the EUR/USD, the CAD/USD and the USD/JPY. The reason for this decision, to include specific currency pairs and consider them as an asset class; is that the past years more and more institutional investors and many sovereign funds invested in currencies other than their country of origin in order to benefit from fluctuations in exchange rates or for diversification. Second reason for the selection of currency pairs as a separate asset class is the very high volatility experienced the past decade even between major currencies like EUR, USD, GBP, CHF, and JPY. The frequency of the data will be weekly for the time period starting on January 1994 till May 2011. In order to avoid the weekend effect, thin trading effect and maturity of future contract effect, Wednesdays settlement prices will be considered as the closing weekly prices. Expected Empirical Results After the conclusion of the study, I expect to obtain quantitative results about in what extent change the correlations of different asset classes, which have mentioned above, with each other and whether these respective changes are statistically significant from low to high volatile periods. Also I expect to examine whether certain asset managers practices of the market really hold, through statistical significance tests. These are widely practices of asset market participants. One usually stated, is that when stocks decline then US Government Bonds and gold prices increase, as investors look for a safe heaven. In addition I expect to clarify whether these market tendencies intensify, decline or remain stable from crisis to crisis as the time passes. I expect to find that commodities prices are not that strongly correlated with major market indices and tend to retain their independence even in crisis periods. But this holds in different degree and not for all the commodities. Furt hermore, I expect correlations between commodities and stock indices to change significant because of asset management trends. I expect to find less correlation during previous crises compared to the recent financial crisis where many commodities were perceived as a separate immunized from market fluctuations, asset class, resulting a bubble in certain commodities as well. Finally I expect that certain currency pairs are more correlated with the stock indices. For instance USD is considered to be a safe heaven and during periods of market turmoil it is less correlated with the stock markets or even negatively correlated as the stock markets decline its values compared to other currencies increases as investors desire to hold more cash on hand and especially US dollars. In addition to that I expect the CAD / USD to be more correlated with the stock markets the period from 2003 till 2008 where the advance in stock markets was partly driven from good performing mining companies, which were performing well partly because of high commodities prices.

Scientific Management and its Application at Microsoft - Free Essay Example

Introduction The concept of scientific management, developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, revolutionised many workplaces, increasing efficiency and control for employers while concurrently lowering costs (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013; Taylor, 2012). Taylors book The Principles of Scientific Management, has been identified as the most influential management book of the twentieth century (Bedeian and Wren, 2001). However, despite the benefits for employers, and popularity of the idea, implementation was often associated with poor outcomes for employees, including lowering job satisfaction, increased attrition, and low levels of motivation (Parker, 2014; Pettinger, 2010). However, despite the perceived negative effects, scientific management remains popular (The Economist, 2015; Parker, 2014; Vidal, 2013). This paper examines and evaluates the concept, and then applies it to a modern organisation; Microsoft. The Concept of Scientific Management The development of scientific management was based on previous ideas regarding workplace efficiency which emerged during the Industrial Revolution (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). Prior to the Industrial Revolution, labour division was based on skills and knowledge, with craftsmen having a significant level of discretion regarding how a task was performed or job completed (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). The Industrial Revolution changed workplace practices, with the division of labour, where individual employees are given responsibility for a predetermined portion of any task (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). The economist Adam Smith credited this division of labour as creating the UKs wealth, developing the concept of economic man, believing workers primary motivation was money (Smith, 1904). Charles Babbage referred to this as The Great Principle of Economical Reproduction (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Smith, 1904). However, while this division of labour created efficiencies, Taylo r believed further efficiencies remained, and while workers still retaining performance discretion they could use it to their advantage (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013; Taylor, 2012). Taylors approach improved efficiency was based on the standardisation of job design, breaking jobs down into component tasks, with performance requirements based on scientific studies identifying the most efficient workplace practices (Taylor, 2012). This approach increases the level of management control, reducing reliance on worker skills and discretion. By breaking jobs down into their smallest components, employers could hire and train cheaper, unskilled workers, replacing them as necessary (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Pettinger, 2010). Child (1972), referred to this process of job design as the 3 Ss, specialisation, standardisation, and simplification. The focus of job design was based on the task assessment, examining the best way any individual task could be performed (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013; Taylor, 2012). This was seen at the Bethlehem Steel Works, where a study of the workers shovelling pig iron resulted in a job redesign reducing the number of workers required from 500, to 140, without productivity loss (Taylor, 2012). The workers that remained benefited from higher wages based on performance-related pay; wage increases of approximately 60% followed the implementation (Taylor, 2012). However, this did not mean his methods were welcomed by workers, in addition to creating redundancies, there was resistance to the change, also evidenced earlier at Midvale Steelworks (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013). When Taylor first introduced scientific management approaches at Midvale, initially workers purposefully broke machines to resist work standardisation (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013). Taylor overcame resistance by fining workers for broken machines, using an application Smiths economic man, which appeared to work, as resistance decreased as workers complied to avoid the fine s (Grachev and Rakitsky, 2013). Effectively, Taylor was treating workers as components of a production process, dehumanising them, considering only their labour input and labour output. The resistance seen at Midvale steelworks was not isolated. A significant factor in the uptake of scientific management was the implementation at Ford, resulting in productivity increasing exponentially (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Taylor, 2012). However, worker dissatisfaction also increased and attrition levels reached 400% (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). Again, using the concept of economic man, Taylor overcame this problem by introducing a $5 day, paying workers $5 for each day worked (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011).The $5 day was successful, and workers remained, adopt an instrumental approach (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). It may be hypothesised, that if the implementation at Ford had been less successful, the idea may not have gained such wide scale support. The concept of scientific m anagement has continued in the modern workplace, not only in traditional manufacturing sectors, but many new sectors, e.g. call centres and fast food outlets (The Economist, 2015; Buchanan Huczynski, 2011). If implemented, in line with the above findings and previous experience, it may be expected workers in these jobs would be dissatisfied, due to the dehumanisation processes demonstrated as present in scientific management techniques, such as Midvale and Ford. However, frequently dissatisfaction does not manifest. In research undertaken at the Vauxhall car manufacturing facility in Luton, Goldthorpe et al., (1980) found work conditions, based on scientific methods, were poor, with little opportunity for discretion, and a high level of disempowerment. However, with higher than average pay, the researchers found that workers remained motivated, adopting an instrumental approach, gaining satisfaction from utility provided by wages (Goldthorpe et al., 1980). It may also be argued, that although implemented in a fashion which appears dictatorial and dehumanised, that Taylor may not have intended this approach. When describing the concept of scientific management, Taylor argued that although governed by rules developed through experimental processes, there should not be an old-fashioned dictator (Taylor, 2012). Furthermore, he also believed workers and management should operate in hearty cooperation (Taylor, 2012). When examining modern implementations, additional knowledge and subsequent motivation research, facilitate implementation processes more aligned with Taylors idealistic cooperative concept, rather than rigid implementations. For example, under the human relations school of thought based on research of theorists such as Mayo, Maslow, and Herzberg, it was found social influences and desires impacted on motivation (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011; Herzberg, 1968; Maslow, 2014). Strategies satisfying these needs/desires, include work variety to induce i nterest, empowerment demonstrating trust, and other enrichment strategies (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2011). If social satisfaction strategies can be used to improve working conditions and worker motivation where scientific methods are utilised (The Economist, 2015). With a high level of potential value in terms of creating internal efficiency, as well as providing for consistent practices and standards, it is unsurprising that the practice still continues. However, in organisations that need to both operate on a massive scale, as well as support practices associated with innovation and change, not generally associated with scientific management, the question is whether or not this management concept is still relevant. Scientific Management and Microsoft Microsoft, founded in 1975, is a U.S.-based multinational technology organisation based in Washington. The basic operations include the development, manufacturing, licensing, and support of computer software, electronics, and the provision of computer services (Microsoft, 2015). The company, which is the worlds largest software organisation, offers a range of products and services to both the consumer and businesses, with the most well-known products and services including the Windows operating system and associated software, such as the Microsoft Office Suite, with additional interests technology and Internet-related businesses, including the acquisitions of Skype and Nokia, a presence in the game industry with the development of the Xbox (Microsoft, 2015). An initial consideration of the scope and range of products, and the pace at which they change, indicates the need for adaptability and innovation (Dodgson et al., 2008). Innovation may not inherently be associated with scienti fic management, the process requires those involved to undertake original thought, and non-standardised approaches towards identifying developing new ideas (Dodgson et al., 2008; Kontoghiorghes et al., 2005; Ziesak, 2009). In this context, applying the scientific management processes, as defined by Child (1980), would be a constraint on the potential development of new ideas, which would potentially hinder Microsoft as many of their competitive strategies are based on differentiation through first mover advantage (Nicholson, 2014). Therefore, in some areas it would appear that it is unlikely scientific management is taking place, especially in areas where there is a need for original thought innovation. However, it may be noted that in areas such as research and development, where innovation is important, there is the concept of specialisation, as the development teams conceive and undertake initial development only, with later development and manufacture undertaken elsewhere (Micro soft, 2015). However, while there is a need for the organisation to adapt to change, the organisation is also required to provide a high level of standardised products and services, where workers operate in the same manner, to provide the same output, a process which is highly associated with scientific management. Therefore, in some areas of the organisation scientific management will be applicable. For example, the company operates a number of call centres, and while a number are outsourced, there are also some provided in-house in the United States (Thibodeau, 2010). The processes utilised within call centres are invariably based on scientific management, where the components of dealing with customer issues are broken down into component parts, with various employees focusing on different issues, and providing advice only on specific areas, based primarily on scripts rather than their own knowledge, with comprehensive scripts developed by the company (Thibodeau, 2010). Unsurpr isingly, the approach adopted, with the provision of scripts to guide the customer support process, is based on the companys own customer care framework, a software solution designed for medium to large enterprises, facilitating dynamic scripting based on customer responses (Microsoft, 2015). Therefore, within these type of operations it is clear that scientific management processes may be used, although, based on the reviews of Microsoft as an employer on the job review site Glass Door, it also appears that the organisation adopts the concept with in a modern interpretation, with different elements of empowerment and support motivation, as job satisfaction does not appear to be low (Glass Door, 2015). The conditions in the outsourced sector also display the characteristics associated with scientific management, but with the lower labour costs, higher cost savings, and higher levels of attrition with in outsourced suppliers (Thibodeau, 2010), the implementation of scientific managem ent techniques are more likely to be based on the traditional rigid approach, rather than implementing the empowerment strategies, and embracing the concept of hearty cooperation. Similar arguments may be made for the presence of scientific management in many of the manufacturing processes, although notably these are outsourced to third-party offshore suppliers (Microsoft, 2014). Conclusion There is little doubt that scientific management is thrives in 21st-century, adopted by many organisations. The method of management may not be found across all areas of large organisations, it does appear to be a concept which is applicable Microsoft, particularly in the areas where there needs to be standardisation of products and/or services, such as the call centres. However, internally within the organisation, not at the outsourced suppliers, it is not the original rigid approach towards scientific management is implemented, but a softened with the provision of enrichment strategies. This is a version of scientific management in which employees are not seen as only motivated by economic interest, but also by social interest, effectively embracing the ideas of Mayo, Herzberg, and Maslow, as well as the ideas of Taylor. Therefore, scientific management may be seen as applicable at Microsoft, manifesting in different ways across different divisions. References Bedeian, A.G. and Wren, D.A. (2001), Most influential management books of the 20th Century, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 221-225. Buchanan, D. and Huczynski, A. (2011), Organisational Behaviour, FT/Prentice Hall, Harlow. Child, J. (1972), Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice, Sociology, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-22. Dodgson, M., Gann, D. and Salter, A. (2008), The Management of Technological Innovation: Strategy and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Glass Door, (2015), Microsoft, retrieved 13 October 2015 from https://www.glassdoor.co.uk/Overview/Working-at-Microsoft-EI_IE1651.11,20.htm Goldthorpe, J.H., Llewellyn, C. and Payne, C. (1980), Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain, Clarendon Press, London. Grachev, M. and Rakitsky, B. (2013), Historic horizons of Frederick Taylors scientific management, Journal of Management History, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 512-527. Herzberg, F. (1968), One more time: how do you motivate employees?, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 46 No. 1, pp. 53-62. Kontoghiorghes, C., Awbrey, S.M. and Feurig, P.L. (2005), Examining the Relationship Between Learning Organization Characteristics and Change Adaptation, Innovation, and Organizational Performance, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 185-211. Maslow, A. (2014), Toward A Psychology of Being, Sublime Books, London. Microsoft, (2015), retrieved 13 October 2015 from www.Microsoft.com Microsoft, (2014), annual report, retrieved 13 October 2015 from https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar14/index.html Nicholson, M. (2014), When Computing Got Personal: A history of the desktop computer, Matt Publishing, Chelmsford. Parker, S.K. (2014), Beyond motivation: job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 65 No. August, pp. 661-691. Pettinger, R. (2010), Organizational Behaviour, Routledge, Abingdo n. Smith, A. (1904), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Library of Economics and Liberty, available at: https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html Taylor, F.W. (2012), The Principles of Scientific Management, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY. The Economist, (2015), Digital Taylorism, The Economist, retrieved 13 October 2015 from https://www.economist.com/news/business/21664190-modern-version-scientific-management-threatens-dehumanise-workplace-digital Thibodeau, P, (2010), Microsoft Signed Outsourcing Packed with Indian Giant Infosys, Computerworld, retrieved 30 October 2015 from https://www.computerworld.com/article/2517205/it-outsourcing/microsoft-signs-outsourcing-pact-with-indian-giant-infosys.html Vidal, M. (2013), Low-autonomy work and bad jobs in postfordist capitalism, Human Relations, Vol. 66 No. 4, pp. 587-612. Ziesak, J. (2009), Wii Innovate How Nintendo Created a New Market Through the Strategic Innovation Wii, GRIN Ver lag, Munich.

Chemistry of BHA and BHT Food Preservatives

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the related compound butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are phenolic compounds that are often added to foods to preserve fats  and oils and keep them from becoming rancid. They are added to food, cosmetics, and packing of products that contain fats to maintain nutrient levels, color, flavor, and odor. BHT is also sold as a dietary supplement for use as an antioxidant. The chemicals are found in an extensive list of products, yet there is concern about their safety. Take a look at the chemical properties of these molecules, how they work, and why their use is controversial. BHA Characteristics BHA is a mixture of the isomers 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. Also known as BOA, tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol, tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, antioxyne B, and under various trade namesMolecular formula C11H16O2White or yellowish waxy solidFaint characteristic aromatic odor BHT Characteristics Also known as 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene; methyl-di-tert-butyl phenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-para-cresolMolecular formula C15H24OWhite powder How Do They Preserve Food? BHA and BHT are antioxidants. Oxygen reacts preferentially with BHA or BHT rather than oxidizing fats or oils, thereby protecting them from spoilage. In addition to being oxidizable, BHA and BHT are fat-soluble. Both molecules are incompatible with ferric salts. In addition to preserving foods, BHA and BHT are also used to preserve fats and oils in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. What Foods Contain BHA and BHT? BHA is generally used to keep fats from becoming rancid. It is also used as a yeast de-foaming agent. BHA is found in butter, meats, cereals, chewing gum, baked goods, snack foods, dehydrated potatoes, and beer. It is also found in animal feed, food packaging, cosmetics, rubber products, and petroleum products. BHT also prevents oxidative rancidity of fats. It is used to preserve food odor, color, and flavor. Many packaging materials incorporate BHT. It is also added directly to shortening, cereals, and other foods containing fats and oils. Are BHA and BHT Safe? Both BHA and BHT have undergone the additive application and review process required by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, the same chemical properties which make BHA and BHT excellent preservatives may also be implicated in health effects. The research leads to conflicting conclusions. The oxidative characteristics and/or metabolites of BHA and BHT may contribute to carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity; however, the same reactions may combat oxidative stress and help detoxify carcinogens. Some studies indicate low doses of BHA are toxic to cells, while higher doses may be protective, while other studies yield exactly the opposite results. There is evidence that certain persons may have difficulty metabolizing BHA and BHT, resulting in health and behavior changes. Yet, BHA and BHT may have antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Research is underway concerning the use of BHT in the treatment of herpes simplex and AIDS. References and Additional Reading This is a fairly long list of online references. While the chemistry and effectiveness of BHA, BHT, and other additives within food is straightforward, the controversy surrounding health effects is hot, so several points of view are available. Adverse Effects of Some Inactive Ingredients - Summary of health effects reported for dyes and preservatives, including food colors, BHA, BHT, sodium benzoate, nitrates, nitrites, and monosodium glutamate.Chemical Cuisine: CSPIs Guide to Food Additives - This site includes a glossary, explanation of cancer testing, alphabetical listing of additives, and a list of additives that have been banned.Common Food Additives - CNN In-Depth provides this chart listing additives and their chemistry, uses, common products containing the additives, and reported side effects.Fresh Look at Food Preservatives - Judith E. Foulke provides an overview of the preservative use and regulation, she specifically discusses BHA, BHT, and sulfites.Chemical Sensitivity Homepage - This site discusses the inability of damaged nervous tissue to metabolize specific toxins.The Feingold Association of the United States - The Feingold Association provides extensive information about the effects of petroleum-derived ad ditives and salicylates (both natural and synthetic) on the behavior/health of susceptible persons.